School Dress Code Essay Example For Students

School Dress Code Essay When considering what a school uniform may resemble, Angus Young of AC/DC rings a bell. His uniform, or execution outfit, is that of an English student, wearing a suit type uniform with shorts rather than pants and an out of control golf players cap. A gathering of young ladies and young men all wearing a similar shaded regalia collected before the catholic school down the square is another image that strikes a chord when pondering school garbs. The picture of school regalia has been joined to understudies of European and tuition based schools. Such pictures, of understudies dressing in school outfits, have prompted generalizing and a negative demeanor towards schools upholding a uniform strategy. Youngsters are introduced as robots without the capacity to communicate in a general public that advances self-articulation and distinction. The issue is that the expense of communicating and being an individual can be cosmic. It isn't remarkable to hear that a 15-year-old some place was fiercely attacked for a couple of costly Nike shoes. This thought is straightforwardly related to rivalry in design rather than scholastics in the educational system. In ongoing history state funded schools have believed regalia to be an old and to some degree draconian pattern, however as of late the common government has endeavored to execute and uphold a uniform arrangement in our state funded educational system. The execution of a school uniform strategy is significant and important to improve the understudies. The contentions against school garbs are blurring while advocates of outfits are starting to make progress. A portion of the key advantages are wellbeing, cost, and consistency. There are a few key issues that educational committee authorities and administrators should take a gander at before executing new arrangements and laws concerning school garbs. Right off the bat, these new laws and approaches must positively affect the understudy populaces by and large good and consequently their exhibition. This would not be restricted to scholarly exhibitions just yet ought to likewise incorporate other socially learned conduct including the understudies capacity to be predictable with preset accepted practices, an ability important to be effective on the planet today. Advocates of garbs state that the scholastic execution has been expanding, and will increment further by having the understudies wear them. A diminished level of consideration and worry with style will empower a superior condition for progressively exhaustive investigation, just as decrease the financial weight put on understudies and guardians. Any circumstance that doesn't advance the improvement of understudies in school ought to be taken a gander at and concentrated to track down approaches to change the circumstance. There are no advantages to agonizing over not having the cash to purchase the most trendy clothing. Would it not be smarter to be stressing over accomplishing the best grade, making the best science venture, or submitting an English task on schedule? The entire idea and intrigue of brand name dress is so imbued into our oversimplified personalities, that it is unprecedented to perceive any understudy not wearing or conveying at any rate one bit of such product. There is no straight way through this issue, however it is conceivable to flank it. Giving a school rucksack, shoes and a cap would take out the understudies need to wear brand name garments or frill of any sort. Nonetheless, by doing this, we run over the issue of distinction, which is similarly as essential to an understudies accomplishment in life as their examination propensities. By offering a more extensive determination of school hues and styles, it is conceivable to take care of the requirement for singularity while simultaneously bearing them the chance to adjust to the guidelines of the school. The expense of executing a uniform strategy should likewise be taken a gander at intently. The accepted practice that all families have various degrees of financial status expects us to address this issue. An understudy ailing in assets ought not be compelled to burn through the entirety of their cash on regalia so they could go to class, leaving them incapable to manage the cost of after school sports or get-togethers. It would unquestionably be monstrous if an understudy ought to need to cash on regalia instead of nutritious food. .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939 , .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939 .postImageUrl , .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939 , .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939:hover , .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939:visited , .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939:active { border:0!important; } .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939:active , .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enrichment: underline; } .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u019ff6c4 65583ec30a75dea1621f7939 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u019ff6c465583ec30a75dea1621f7939:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Of Mice And Men Essay There is a basic answer for this money related issue. 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Written assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Composed task - Essay Example The data in the video is firmly connected to part 9 practices appeared in age 12. The key data straightforwardly identified with affection, includes administration and money related commitments to the people out of luck. Love involves thinking about one another in the midst of hardship, and furthermore being worried about the intrigue and government assistance of our neighbors who are encountering testing circumstances and needing assistance. The administrations gave to penniless neighbor incorporate, deliberate clinical administrations, lawful counsel, and even budgetary guidance administrations. Financial help can be utilized to get essential necessities like clinical supplies to support meriting cases. Page 10 of section 9 likewise has intriguing parts of affection. The objectives are planned for guaranteeing love through protecting the enthusiasm of others in the general public. Lessening vitality use by grasping vitality proficiency shows love. This is on the grounds that it targets shielding the earth to serve both present and people in the future. Proficient vitality sources are viewed as green, and accordingly earth

Basics of Astronomy essays

Rudiments of Astronomy papers #1) (An) Issac Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation is: Two bodies pulled in to one another with a power that is legitimately corresponding to the result of their masses and contrarily relative to the square of the separation between them. This implies the further separated these two drawing in bodies are from one another, the less the gravitational power between them is. The power of gravity relies upon the result of the mass of the two pulling in bodies. In the event that the separation between the two bodies duplicates, the power between them becomes one fourth of the power it was previously. The Law of Universal Gravitation is crucial in light of the fact that it scientifically demonstrates Keplers Three Laws of Planetary Motion. The Planets adhere to indistinguishable laws of movement from objects on the outside of the earth. (B) Newton found different sorts of circles that have roundabout of curved ways. Be that as it may, if the speed of a circling body were expanded, its orbital way would change to a parabola or hyperbola and it would get away from the gravitational draw of the sun. It would then leave the nearby planetary group. Parabolas are the orbital ways of items as an open bend. On the off chance that one removes an edge in a round cone, it would follow this way corresponding to the sides of the cone. Hyperbolas happen when a plane cuts across two equals half-cones. Keplers laws applies to any circumstance where two bodies known to mankind circle each other because of their common gravitational fascination, not only two planets. For instance: Moons that circle planets, for example, the four Galilean Moons that circle Jupiter. #2)(A) The reflecting telescope, which utilizes a mirror to draw in light was culminated by Isaac Newton in 1668 in spite of the fact that it was created by John Gregory in 1663. The refracting telescope, which utilizes a focal point to pull in light was created by a Dutch optician in 1608 named Hans Lippershey. Two different innovators were Zacharias Jannssen and Jacob Metius. Be that as it may, Galil... <!

Cognition Communication Judgmental Biases -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Cognition Communication Judgmental Biases? Answer: Introducation The examination structure of the investigation has been made cautiously, considering the territories which appear to be generally influenced. The key focuses, where most mishaps happen, have pretty much been secured by utilizing the spectators. This will be useful to comprehend the frequencies and the general timespan of the mishaps (Mackey and Gass 2015). The examination technique has been given enough consideration which would assist with taking note of down everything about is expected to make legitimate appraisals in regards to the causality of the mishaps and would bring up towards the potential arrangements that would encourage in the activities that are expected to cut the numbers down. The examination configuration has been made to be engaging. The exploration configuration plans to comprehend the causality of the mishaps and might want to investigate the outcomes that are being produced because of those components. The circumstances and logical results investigation would be the best strategy to comprehend the traits and the parameters that are the fundamental explanations behind the quantity of mishaps to be so high. Difficulties in legitimacy and dependability In spite of the examination strategy being planned with incredible consideration, there lay a few issues in regards to the legitimacy of the outcomes, just as the unwavering quality of the created information. Two days into the information assortment process, a mishap happened near one of the eyewitness. Be that as it may, the spot of the mishap was 200 meters from the eyewitness. This conspicuous separation may end up being a deterrent in the evaluation. The onlooker will clearly set aside some effort to see or find out about the mishap and much more opportunity to arrive at the site. This hole of time would, point of fact, lead to certain information or indispensable detail to be lost (Patten and Newhart 2017). Subtleties of mishaps are extremely dreary to gather and any missing subtlety can modify the appraisal procedure, which, thus, would have substantial effect on the dynamic procedure and the outcomes yielded (Flick 2015). Another most serious issue that might be looked by the exploration approach is the undeniable inquiry of predisposition. Each eyewitness will have her or his own recognitions with respect to who is at fault for the mishap. This would make it unbelievably blurred as far as the best possible appraisal. The very subtleties and notes, which would frame the premise of the exploration, whereupon decisions and ends will be drawn, would be changed and a reasonable unprejudiced view won't be reached by any means (Mertens 2014). This must be disposed of if the exploration plans to concoct the outcomes which would cut down the mishap numbers. Methodological issues There might be different issues with respect to the information assortment process. The exceptionally obvious one would be the issue with irregularities. While the majority of the mishaps have been believed to be come about by disappointed drivers and multitude of understudies going across the street, there may even now be a few mishaps which might be caused altogether because of broken conduct of the driver or unfeeling understudies. These inconsistencies would have misdirecting results and would make the activities taken to be dangerous (Yin 2013). Arbitrary examining never mirrors the absolute mass conditions and neglects to give a smart thought about what occurred in each and every case (Rubin and Babbie 2016). Much the same as the mishap that happened two days into the information assortment process: the understudy was killed because of a speeding sports vehicle. The conspicuous inquiry that would emerge here would tell that in the event that the driver was experiencing a multit ude of people on foot, at that point he can't be speeding; and on the off chance that he was in certainty driving quick, at that point it is possible that it was the drivers deficiency for not easing back down, or it was the understudies botch for not being sufficiently cautious while going across the street. Proposals to improve the examination There are a couple of ways the exploration can be improved as far as quality and upgrade the legitimacy of the outcomes. These techniques might be useful to improve the believability and in this way encourage in settling on better and increasingly effective choices. To guarantee that no detail is missed or each mishap can be held under reconnaissance, the exploration group can enroll more spectators who will cover a more noteworthy region and would make certain to monitor everything (Schwarz 2014). The onlookers must be made to comprehend that their understandings would think about the choices that will be taken: the created information will be utilized by Dr. John Nottingham and his computations and rationale will be given to the college, which would then take suitable estimates that are planned for attempting to diminish the mishaps. On the off chance that the created information is blurred by biasness with respect to recognitions about who is to be faulted, the choices will be similarly defective, and may in any event, bring to wrong individuals under direct activities (Panneerselvam 2014). To wipe out this chance, the onlookers must be fair-minded in their suppositions, and just need to make record of what occurred, and not their own considerations with respect to who to fault. More prominent number of tests should be taken, to ensure no oddity is available in the information. Arbitrary testing ought to be maintained a strategic distance from however much as could reasonably be expected, yet since the entire populace can't be considered, the irregular example must be mindful so as to note down each potential results and not simply record a couple of irregular occurances. References Flick, U., 2015.Introducing examination system: A fledgling's manual for doing an exploration venture. Sage. Mackey, A. what's more, Gass, S.M., 2015.Second language inquire about: Methodology and plan. Routledge. Mertens, D.M., 2014.Research and assessment in instruction and brain research: Integrating assorted variety with quantitative, subjective, and blended techniques. Sage productions. Panneerselvam, R., 2014.Research system. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Patten, M.L. what's more, Newhart, M., 2017.Understanding exploration strategies: A diagram of the basics. Taylor Francis. Rubin, A. what's more, Babbie, E.R., 2016.Empowerment arrangement: Research strategies for social work. Cengage Learning. Schwarz, N., 2014.Cognition and correspondence: Judgmental predispositions, inquire about strategies, and the rationale of discussion. Brain science Press. Yin, R.K., 2013.Case investigation look into: Design and strategies. Sage production

Work-life Balance in HRM - Free Essay Example

Assignment 1 Work-life Balance in HRM Submitted for MSc Word Count: 2,500 words November 2014 Name: Student number: Table of ContentsPage No Introduction 3 Change in Nature of Work 4 Lean Enterprise 4 Adoption of Lean Thinking 4 Work Life Balance (WLB) 5 Initiatives for WLB 6 Key Features of WLB across Cultures 7 Methodology 8 Conclusion 8 Recommendations 9 References 10 Introduction Globalisation makes the trading environment quite demanding for the businesses operating in it. New strategies are required by businesses in order to be successful and to compete with competitors, when a company is pursuing through this pattern then there could be some challenges like cost reduction, productivity enhancement, attaining customer needs, profit maximisation and retaining committed work force (Boone and Van Den Bosch, 1997). Human resource management (HRM) can play a decisive role for enhancing performance of an organisation and meeting challenges; it is facing in day to day operations (Harzing and Pinnington, 2011). In addition to this HRM is also vital for a business because it helps in developing skills of work force as well as their knowledge base. HRM is required to adopt a strategy for attaining objective pose by the organisation where the adoption of certain strategy could be difficult because the cultural background of work force is usually variant and certain HRM strategy could be ineffective when managing variant cultural related people (Harzing and Pinnington, 2011). It has been mentioned in a research that western management style could be ineffective when it comes to managing an eastern based business (Nigam; Su, 2011). The area of managing human in an organisation becomes even more critical when work life balance has to be maintained by the organisation. Different types of responses are recorded by employees from different countries. Economy of a country plays an integral role in regards to work life balance (WLB), employees from developed economy are required to work more harder than to employees from developing economy (Milhouse et al., 2001). WLB is fulfilling responsibility of people where individual could respond differently so that all parties can be benefited (Milhouse et al., 2001). The role of an organisation in WLB has been highlighted by Chandra (2012), he reiterated that HR policies based on flexibility and choice can solve WLB issues. The issue of WLB comes when personal life conflicts with the demand of work for an individual. It is personal choice of an individual to give preference to the personal life or the work life depends on the goals of an individual (Milhouse et al., 2001). In this essay influence of HRM has been considered in relation of WLB in cross culture perspective. Different human resource management styles for cross culture are mentioned which is further extended with a critical analysis on WLB from the perspective of both employers and employees in western and non western economies. Conclusion has been drawn on the basis of entire research which is followed by the recommendations in order to improve the working environment for employees. Change in Nature of Work There are quite a few factors that contribute to the changing nature of work but mainly two drivers are being mentioned by organisational theorists (Liker, 2003). There has been a constant pressure these days on organisations to be more competitive (agile) and in addition to this organisations are also required to be customer focused (lean enterprise) (Mohrman and Cohen, 1995). Being competitive these days refer to the ability of an organisation to accommodate the changes in the business. Organisations are also required to provide those services as well as products that are mainly complimented or appreciated by its customers (Zuboff and Maxmin, 2002). Lean Enterprise Lean enterprise is a product of recent past when it has been focused by Toyota while manufacturing its products to include those features in its products that are highly regarded by customers (Liker, 2003). The concept got immense success by the business world and led to significant changes in the businesses across the globe. The concept of lean enterprise is mainly associated to manufacturing or product development businesses (Liker, 2003). If a business is intended to be lean enterprise then it has to be motivated by certain principles of lean enterprise (Womack et al., 1990). The product is required to have some certain value from the customer perspective. It is required to identify those activities that could be valuable for customers. Organisation has to remove all non value adding activities from its process. Waste and inefficiency is required to be removed from the functions. Lean enterprise makes the organisations to respond to the need of markets rapidly after the reduction in cycle time, customizing its operations and by supporting the need of constant change and innovation in the organisations (Kling and Zmuidzinas, 1994). Adoption of Lean Thinking Adopting the concept of lean enterprise is not something that can be done without any change as organisational structure is required to be altered and in addition to that internal activities are required to be customised as well as efficiency level is required to be enhanced. The aspect of waste remove from the functions is not something that can be done without going through any change because waste is becoming part of the function when a slack exists in the processes and removal of that slack means altering the way function is conducted by the business (Mohrman et al., 1998). The required changes in the organisation are getting supported by the advancement in the information technology and development in the means of communication. In order to adopt lean thinking an organisation is required to go through following changes (Zuboff and Maxmin, 2002): Hierarchy is required to maintain discipline in an organisation but the same hierarchy can be cumbersome if there are over excessive level of hierarchy in an organisation because it is not as responsive as an organisation could be without having too many levels of hierarchies. In lean enterprise hierarchy is required to be replaced by cross unit organisational groups. Strict boundaries in organisation on the level of departments as well on the level of job categories are required to be blurred so that different parts of the organisation can come closer and thus knowledge can be shared. The entire organisation is required to work as a team so that rapid decisions can be made and inefficiencies can be removed and thus work processes can be improved. Workers are required to be followed by organisational goals rather than rule and regulations. The process of change in an organisation is required to be continuous where the reflection on past could help devising for the future. Work Life Balance (WLB) Before the mid 90à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s the aspect of WLB on organisational level rarely discussed, recently it has received quite a lot of attention by the corporate world (Glynn, 1999). Following this attention to WLB the organisations has gone through quite a lot of changes both inside as well as in the wider society. It doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t mean that change has to be introduced when a new aspect introduced in an organisation rather than change has been regarded as constant in a business to be successful (Glynn, 2000). Change put pressure on the work force as the resultant effects of the change are required to be managed by the work force where work load can be increased or new skills are required to be developed by the work force (CIPD, 1999). The pressure on work force can make them a bit insecure towards the organisation. Change could result in confusion of the work force as they might feel that they have to go through constant pressure of proving their worth to the organisa tion (Worrall and Cooper, 2001). In addition to this there is not much freedom for an employee to choose which employees they want to work for these days. The entire development in the working environment leads to a situation where the work force is required to be working for longer hours and they are also aiming for a better balance between work and life (Glynn, 1999). It also leads to a problem where a small portion of talented work force could leave those organisations that are demanding for more work in return of less benefits and preference is normally given to that work place where importance of also given to the life outside the work. The problem of work life balance intensifies with societal change where now women are also a main part of organisation which means that they are working along men thus the family life suffer more in result of it (Worrall and Cooper, 2001). These days to some extent the grounds on which an organisation can be regarded as a better working place are about its ability to accommodate the individual life outside the work as well as the life in the organisation. In the light of entire discussion it has been concluded that WLB is about recognition of a need that an individual is required to maintain a balance between demand from his work and from the rest of his life. The need of work life balance makes an employer to go for those policies that could aid the work force for maintaining balance between the work and personal life (MacBride-King, 1999). This is the reason that WLB is a joint responsibility of both employees and employers. In regards to an employer addressing WLB is quite complicated as balance for one individual might not be applicable to another individual (Glynn et al., 2001). It means employer to adopt those policies in regards to WLB that could benefit most of the work force. Initiatives for WLB Initiatives in regards to WLB can be the range of work arrangements, both formal and informal, that exceed the statutory minimum and which assist employees to combine employment with their caring responsibilities and personal life outside work (Allen, 2001; p. 415). If this concept is applied in the organisation then employees can achieve a balance between their personal interest and their work even regardless of the responsibilities they have outside the work. Some of the initiatives for WLB could be (Perlow, 1995): Career breaks: Some employers are giving career breaks to its employees like educational leaves, maternity leaves, bereavement leave and parental leaves. Part time hours: If an employ is unable to work full time then some part time working hours could solve the WLB problems for employees. Flexi-time: This arrangement can help employees to arrange their personal life with the work life. Job sharing: When an employee is unable to perform the duties of full time then two employees can be assigned to the tasks which are supposed to be done by a single employee. Childcare Support: Child care centre is quite useful for working parents so they can get rid of the tension they might have due to their kids. Key Features of WLB across Countries The aspect of cost cutting made organisations in all economies to divert the load on the work force. There had been a survey conducted in UK with a name of Roffey Park Management Agenda. The outcome of the report highlighted that half of the people in UK believe that their respective organisations are demanding excessively from them (Holbeche and McCartney, 2002). The result of this load is more hours from the work force. Another survey conducted Ceridian Performance Partners (2000), In this survey 40% of respondents mentioned that they feel over stressed due to the work load they are having. There is another reason of this stress, CIPD (1999) reiterated that disorganised or mismanagement in the organisation also make the work force to spend more hours doing their work as mistakes are required to be rectified. The possible solution of this problem could be smart work which could decrease the work load and as well as can make the organisation to save its resources. The report of Roffey suggested that 88% of respondents are of the view that they are required to work longer than their committed hours on regular basis (Holbeche and McCartney, 2002). If an employee is supposed to spend more hours in the organisation then these hours make him to sacrifice his or her personal commitment which means the life outside the work could suffer (Clark, 1994). The overall effect of all these changes in the working of an employee can create stress in an individual. The problem of stress or work load is by no mean confined to UK rather than in Japan over work and lack of WLB balance became a source of increase in suicide since 1970 (Maitland, 2000). Home life of employees in the country is severely getting affected. Quality of Working Life Survey (2000)10found that 69% of respondents felt that the excessive hours adversely affected their morale This effect appears to be getting more pronounced, having risen from 56% in 1998. In all it can be said that WLB is not somethin g whose affects are limited to the organisation rather it creates long lasting problems in the society thus organisations are required to focus on this issue for the welfare of an entire society. Methodology Methodology for any research is about strategy for enquiring about the area of research and then moving to data collection so that conclusion can be attained in result of research (Myers, 2009). The primary objective of this research is to analyse the WLB issues in the cross cultural human resource management. The research is descriptive so all of the sources accessed for this research are secondary which means prior researches have been analysed for this research. The research started with the understanding of WLB as a discipline then reasons for the need of WLB has been analysed after which different initiatives has been considered that were taken for the sake of WLB. The last stage of research is about different practical cases of countries so that WLB situation can be analysed in these countries. All the sources considered were in the light of qualitative aspect of research as WLB in itself is more o qualitative issue when managing human resource. In qualitative research, diffe rent knowledge claims, enquiry strategies, and data collection methods and analysis are employed (Creswell, 2003). Conclusion WLB holds importance for both employees and for the employing organisation. Individuals WLB when taken collectively from the total work force perspective then it could result in colossal impact on the performance of the entire organisation. If WLB is being attained by an employee then that employee could be more productive for the organisation being able to enhance engagement in result of it. In current competitive economic environment if an organisation neglects aspect like WLB then it could be difficult for that organisation to come out of recessionary challenges. More efforts are being made in western world for WLB but there is continuous improvement in employees as it affects the outcome of an organisation. Recommendations In order to take initiative for WLB an organisation is required to take long term perspective of WLB and its probable outcomes. WLB is not one size fit all approach which means individual is required to be focused which can be done if there is an adequate appraisal system working in the organisation. Effective work force ensures effectiveness of a business thus in order to increase the effectiveness of business it is quite significant to take measures like WLB for the welfare of organsiation which can only after realising the importance of worker in the work place. References Allen, T. D. (2001) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Family-supportive work environments: the role of organizational perceptionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 58, pp. 414-35. Boone, P, and Van Den Bosch, A. J. (1997) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Discerning a key characteristic of a European Style of Managementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Int. Studies of Mgt. Org., Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 109-127. Ceridian Performance Partners (2000) Howà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Your Life Working, Ceridian Performance Partners. CIPD (1999) Living to Work? CIPD Survey Report, Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development. Clark, S. (1994) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Presentees: New Slaves of the Office who Run in Fearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Sunday Times, October16th. Creswell, J. W. (2003) Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Galinsky, E. and Stein, P. J. (1990) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The impact of human resource policies on employeesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Jou rnal of Family Issues, Vol. 11, pp 368-83. Glynn, C. (1999) Enabling Balance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The Importance of Organisational Culture, Roffey Park Institute. Glynn, C. (2000) Work-Life Balance, Career and the Psychological Contract, Roffey Park Institute. Glynn, C. and Holbeche, L. (2001) and Holbeche, L. and McCartney, C. and (2002) The Roffey Park Management Agenda, Roffey Park Institute. Harzing, A. and Pinnington, A. (2011) International Human Resource Management. London: Sage Pub. Kling, R. and Zmuidzinas, M. (1994) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Technology, Ideology, and Social Transformation: The Case of Computerization and Work Organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Review International Sociologist, Vol. 2-3, pp. 28-56. Liker, J. (2003) The Toyota Way by. McGraw-Hill. New York. MacBride-King, J. (1999) The Role of Managers in Employee Satisfaction, The Conference Board of Canada. Maitland, A. (2000) Work-Life Balance, Financial Times Survey, May 8th 2000. Mendenhall, M. and Milhouse, V. et al (2001) Transcultural Realities: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Cross-Cultural Relations. London: Sage Publications. Mohrman, A. S. and Cohen, G. S. (1995) When People Get Out of the Box. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Mohrman, A. S., Gailbraith, A. J. and Lawler, E. E. (1998) Tomorrows Organization. Associates. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Myers, D. G. (2009) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Using new interactive media to enhance the teaching of psychology (and other disciplines) in developing countriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Perspectives on Psychological Science, Vol. 4, pp. 99à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"100. Perlow, L. A. (1995) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Putting the work back into work/familyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Group and Organisational Management, Vol. 20, pp 227-39. Perlow, L. (1999) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The Time Famine: Toward a Sociology of Work Timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 44, pp. 57-81. Womack, P. J., Jones, T. D. and Roos, D. (1990) The Machin e that Changed the World. Old Tappan, N.J.: Macmillan. Worrall, L. and Cooper, C. L. (2001) The Quality of Working Life 2000 Survey of Managers Changing Experiences, London: Institute of Management. Zuboff, S. and Maxmin, J. (2002) The Support Economy. New York. Penguin Group, Viking Press. Holbeche, L. and McCartney, C. (2002) The Roffey Park Management Agenda, Roffey Park Institute. Page 1 of 11

Human and Animals Cloning - Free Essay Example

In science fiction stories, the same elements are often found. Tales of robots or aliens, societies in space or underground, and travel through time and space are often encountered. Science fiction, as is appropriate, often deals with advances in science and technology, some of which have begun to move into the realm of nonfiction. Human cloning is one of these advancing sciences that is becoming more and more likely. Cloning is the exact replication of an animal or person using that organisms DNA, whether for the purpose of reproduction, research, or medical treatment. Human cloning, while a fascinating subject in the world of science fiction and a potentially exciting development in the existing scientific community, carries with it various ethical discussions. The various aspects of human cloning, including the fate of the embryo, the purpose of conception, the future of the clone, and compliance with Gods plan, There are two main types of human cloning: reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. Reproductive cloning is the cloning of a human being solely for the purpose of reproduction. Therapeutic cloning is the cloning of a human being in order to harvest the stem cells from the embryo. These two variations are very similar in how they are begun, and mainly differ in the fate of the embryo. Both main types of cloning begin in the same way. One of the most common methods of cloning is somatic cell nuclear transfer, or SCNT. In SCNT, the chromosomes are removed from an egg to create an enucleated egg. A somatic cell is then taken from the donor to be cloned, and its nucleus is placed into the egg in the place of the old nucleus. The egg is then stimulated in order to promote cell division. This forms a blastocyst which is placed into the uterus to implant and develop. If all goes well, the blastocyst will then mature into an embryo. (Aspects) This maturation into an embryo is the fork in the road where the two main types of cloning begin to separate. The main difference here is in what happens to the embryo. In reproductive cloning, the embryo is allowed to develop, mature into a fetus, and eventually be born. Reproductive cloning would, obviously, be done for reproductive purposes. In therapeutic cloning, stem cells are harvested from the embryo, destroying it. These stem cells are then used for various types of research or medical procedures. Therapeutic cloning would be done in order to help or heal other people or animals. For these embryos, their future is hinged upon the purpose they were conceived for. In therapeutic cloning, the embryo is ultimately destroyed by the process of harvesting stem cells. While this may not seem like an issue to some, believing that the embryo is not a person at this early stage, there is logical support that it is, in fact, a living human being with a soul. Some believe that the Supreme Court statement of viability made in Roe v. Wade holds true. This is a statement that the point at which the fetus gains personhood is the same as the point at which the fetus possesses the capability to live outside the womb on its own. The point of viability is not universal, however. In differing locations where the medical technologies may vary, the point of viability will adjust according to the circumstances. Thus viability is not so much a measurement of personhood as a measurement of location and dependency, and so the argument falls apart. Another popular beginning of personhood is the point at which the fetuss brain begins to function. However, while the brain usually begins to function at about forty-five days gestation, the fact remains that the embryo possesses all the capacities for full brain activity from the point of conception. While these critical moments of personhood are popularly believed, they do not hold up under a solid argument. There are various other proposed decisive moments of personhood, but they all have similar problems. There is the point at which the embryo can experience sensations, but the experience of harm does not nullify the reality of harm. There is the first sensed movement of the fetus, but the existence of a person does not depend on others awareness of it. Birth is also a moment at which some prefer to confer personhood, but this is also simply a matter of location. Finally, implantation is a proposed decisive moment. This is the point at which the embryo produces hormones that establish its presence in the womb. Similar to the argument against the decisive moment of quickening, personhood does not depend upon others awareness. The most reasonable moment of personhood seems to be the moment of conception, as the development of a human does not have a break that affects the fetus personhood. (Moral) In addition, due to the issues with the various arguments for the later moments of personho od, the surest option would be the earliest. If we accept the moment of conception as the defining moment of personhood, the problem arises that therapeutic cloning requires the destroying of a person. Ending the life of an innocent embryo at any stage in gestation would be the same as ending the life of an innocent human at any point in their life. This is clearly wrong, as the murder of another human is a crime. Therapeutic cloning requires the termination of the embryo and is thus the murder of an innocent human being, and a crime. Apart from the killing of an innocent human being, the question is raised of the purpose for therapeutic cloning and its effect on how embryos are valued. Therapeutic cloning is carried out in order to harvest stem cells from the cloned embryo. These stem cells can be used to engineer replacement cells, tissues, and organs for the nucleus donor. (Sourcebook) While this can be seen as a very useful practice, the issue remains of the personhood of the embryo. In therapeutic cloning, a human is produced solely to be killed and used for the benefit of another human. This places a value on the life of the embryo and causes it to be seen more as a commodity. Eventually, embryonic stem cell production could become an industry, and one that would produce and destroy tens and hundreds of human lives on a daily basis. The effects of therapeutic cloning are very destructive, though they are disguised by the outward medical benefits. In regard to an embryonic stem cell industry, the outcome is dependent on society. A profitable industry need not ever come into existence. Perhaps therapeutic cloning would only become an extreme measure in life-threatening medical cases. The fact remains, however, that one human is being killed for another. Upon examination, this scenario is analogous to the famous trolley problem. If a trolley was running down a track, out of control, about to hit and kill three people, would you pull a lever in order to divert the trolley to hit and kill only one person? How about as a surgeon? If you had five patients who would all die without organ transplants and one perfectly healthy person with functioning organs, would you kill the healthy person in order to save the five patients? The harvesting of stem cells from one embryo in order to benefit others is one such problem. The idea of a stem cell industry should be examined carefully from every angle. Reproductive cloning, on the other hand, may present as harmless at first glance. In reproductive cloning, the embryo is allowed to grow and develop and ideally results in a healthy baby. As it does not involve the purposeful destruction of the embryo, it appears to be beneficial to all parties involved. Once the facts are considered, however, various problems come to light. In addition, the prospect of a child who is a genetic duplicate of a preexisting human raises various ethical debates about the clones role in society. While reproductive cloning does not purposefully harm the embryo physically, it can prove detrimental in other ways. As evidenced by the cloning of Dolly the sheep, cloning has many risks associated with it. In February 1997, after 276 failed attempts, a lamb was successfully cloned from a six-year-old Finn Dorset ewe. This lamb was given the name Dolly. Dolly only lived eight years, until she had to be put down due to a virus-induced lung tumor. While this infection was not believed to have any relation to Dollys status of clone, she is also believed to have developed arthritis at a remarkably young age due to the age of the donor cells. In addition, many other cloned animals have died before or soon after birth or have been born with various deformities. (Biotechnology) The risks of death and malformation are not ones to be taken lightly, especially in human cloning. Whether or not the harm is purposeful, it is hard to avoid the fact that many embryos are harmed or destroyed by this process of reproductive cloning. In Mengs 1997 experiment, only two out of fifty-three blastocysts survived until birth. (Aspects) With this knowledge, how can it be ethical to continue to clone embryos? Once the harm being done becomes apparent, it becomes purposeful, in a disconnected way. The benefits must be weighed carefully against the losses when it comes to the destruction of human life, even if it is not a desired or planned outcome. Another main issue with reproductive cloning is that of the complicated relationships produced by the production of a clone. In the process of reproductive cloning, the resulting embryo is genetically identical to the donor. This presents a unique situation in regard to the relationship between the donor and the clone. Because a genetic parent is someone who donates genetic material, the donor is the clones genetic mother or father. But because the clone and the donor share the exact same genetic material, they are identical twins. (Eden) Depending on the age of both the donor and the clone, the societal relationship may end up being that of parent-child, siblings, or something completely different. This unconventional relationship could have various negative repercussions in society and possibly suffer as a result. The future relationships of the clone should be carefully considered before this option is entertained. In addition, there is the element of comparison between the donor and the clone. Regardless of age, the clone and the donor will always be compared to each other, both in accomplishments and in failures. While this element may not be harmful in and of itself, the way it is handled can have a great impact on the happiness and self-image of either the clone or the donor. This is similar to the comparison between identical twins, but there is a greater danger of emotional harm when the donor has previously acquired the wisdom needed to get them to where they currently are. In addition, it must not be assumed that every donor will handle this element of comparison in a mature and appropriate way. The aspect of competition can also be the beginning to mistreatment. If the donor perceives the clone to be surpassing him or her in a particular aspect, the motivation can arise to neglect the clone in certain areas. As a result, the clone may be harmed or ignored, or denied facilities that wou ld be extremely beneficial to them. While some may believe that society would eventually adapt to the donor-clone relationship and treat both parties appropriately, adaptation will not be achieved in an instant. Along the way, it is inevitable that relationships would suffer and the people involved would also suffer physical or emotional harm. The element of comparison is not altogether healthy, and it can have a detrimental effect on both the clone and the donor. After having considered the moral side of the issue, it is necessary to consider the various points of religious contention. The primary theological debate when it comes to cloning, specifically reproductive cloning, is the question, Are we playing God? Nancy Duff suggests that to play God is to attempt to usurp Gods place by replacing his creation with human manufacture. (Beyond) This question has many different aspects, all of which are certainly worth debating. The first element of discussion considers Gods methods. Cloning is not the method of reproduction that God created. In Leviticus 18, God specifically instructs us not to marry close blood relatives. Who is a closer blood relative than yourself? God intended for a man and a woman with two different sets of DNA to come together in order to create a child. This also has a bearing on Gods construction of the family unit. When a man and a woman get married and have children, a family is formed. God intended for children to be raised by two parents, not one. With reproductive cloning, single people would clone themselves and raise that clone as their own child. This is not a wholly beneficial position for the cloned child, as the lack of a second, different parent can have a detrimental effect on the child. The lack of a concrete family unit can have adverse effects on society, as well. There is an observed correlation between faulty family structure and the rise of criminal activity. (Hum an) Ideally, Gods method of multiplying the human race provides children with two different parents, equipped and prepared to raise their children together. The other matter has to do with the spiritual life of a clone. When a human is created by God, it is created in His image and supplied with a soul. Does God separately bestow a soul upon each embryo as it is conceived, or does the clone simply gain its spiritual identity from the donor? Would God give a soul to a cloned embryo, one that He did not create? The Bible does not address this issue, and so we cannot know for sure if a clone would have a soul. (Human) This presents a choice to those making the choice to clone a human. If you were out hunting in the woods with a friend and lost sight of them, would you shoot at a rustling in the bushes? Not if you stopped to think, for that very rustling may be your wayward companion. Similarly, the creation of a human without the knowledge of its spiritual future is a very risky matter.

Converting Angstroms to Nanometers Example Problem

This example problem demonstrates how to convert angstroms to nanometers. Angstroms (Ã…) and nanometers (nm) are both linear measurements used to express extremely small distances. Problem The spectra of the element mercury have a bright green line with a wavelength of 5460.47 Ã…. What is the wavelength of this light in nanometers? Solution 1 Ã… 10-10 m1 nm 10-9 mSet up the conversion so the desired unit will be canceled out. In this case, we want nanometers to be the remaining unit.wavelength in nm (wavelength in Ã…) x (10-10 m/1 Ã…) x (1 nm/10-9 m)wavelength in nm (wavelength in Ã…) x (10-10/10-9 nm/Ã…)wavelength in nm (wavelength in Ã…) x (10-1) nm/Ã…)wavelength in nm (5460.47/10) nmwavelength in nm 546.047 nm​ Answer The green line in mercurys  spectra has a wavelength of 546.047 nm. It may be easier to remember there are 10 angstroms in 1 nanometer. This would mean that 1 angstrom is a tenth of a nanometer and a conversion from angstroms to nanometers would mean moving the decimal place one position to the left. Remember to check your significant figures when reporting measurements. In science, even if you do the calculation correctly, your answer is technically incorrect if not reported using significant digits.

Human Trafficking Is The Transnational Crime - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1288 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/05/07 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Human Trafficking Essay Did you like this example? Data reports that human trafficking is the second leading transnational crime in the United States which includes forced labor and sexual exploitation. (Shelley 2010). Human trafficking consists of many forms of exploitation; the sex industry comprises of the largest group of victims. (Banks and Kyckelhahn 2011). According to a special data report from the Bureau of Justice Statistics for the Human Trafficking Reporting System (HTRS) most suspected incidents of human trafficking were classified as sex trafficking (82%). While the social problem of sex trafficking has received much attention globally, the fact that this form of exploitation happens within and into the United States has gained immense attention in the U.S. In the United States around 17,500 officially confirmed victims are trafficked into the country per year. (Banks and Kyckelhahn 2011, U.S. Department of State). Our interest in the study was to analyze victims commercial sexual exploitation, most commonly known as ?sex trafficking. Unfortunately, this population often gets overlooked, due to sex trafficking being hidden by any criminal activity that the victims are also committing. (Farrell and Fahy 2009). For instance, when a prostitute is incarcerated, we do not look past what we see in front of us, a prostitute. We do not see that she may be a victim and may have gotten in that situation by being coerced into the act. Since most vicitims are not always seen as the victims rather a criminal there are laws that protect them. In 2000, the U.S. government passed the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act (TVPA), which defined a new crime of human trafficking and directed law enforcement agencies to begin identifying and responding to this form of victimization (Banks and Kyckelhahn 2011). As a result, under this act, TVPA, sexually exploited minors are considered victims rather than perpetrators of crime. In our research, we took a look at the different variables tha t bring people into Sex Trafficking. We addressed the question of substance use being a link or a pathway to sex trafficking. We mostly used studies that focused on Quantitative Data. Most of the studies reviewed used multiple other variables for the onset of sex trafficking. Some of those variables included parental misguidance, coercion, homelessness, criminal activity and our primary focus, the use of illicit substances. The studies do show a correlation between domestic violence, child abuse, and sex trafficking. Parental Effects on the exchange of the Sex for drugs or money in adolescents. McNeal Walker (2015) The overall concept of this study is to identify how parental effects can influence adolescents and their decision to begin trading sex for money or drugs. The influence parents have in the role in their childrens lives is substantial to the upbringing of youth and their future. McNeal and Walker (2015) identified that parental effects include parental involvement , intimacy of communication, and parental attachment. They obtained these findings through a series of questionnaires and in-person interviews. The strength of this study was its attempt to achieve an overall sample of the U.S. school population. However, this is also a limitation due to not being able to identify areas of the country that suffer most from this epidemic. The questionnaire given to the parents could be faulty, as it may ask questions that the parents misunderstand. For example, the parents can state that they are engaged in their childs development by just physically being present in their lives, but they dont parent in other ways, such as helping their child with homework. Reliability of the tests given to the participants had a Cronbachs alpha below the threshold of .700, so this is also an indicator of the improvements that can be made to the study. Also, the parents may not be completely truthful in the face of the interviewer to prevent possible repercussions they may face if they were accurate with the absence in their childrens lives. Of the three items measured, the parental attachment was the only significant variable indicating the association. After analysis, the idea of how parental effects can influence the decision to trade sex for money or drugs shows vulnerabilities the adolescent has to make this decision. To enhance the study, better, reliable tools should be used in order to make the inferences credible Trading Sex: Voluntary or Coerced? The Experiences of Homeless Youth Tyler Johnson (2006) This study examines if the decision to trade sex for money, drugs, food, or shelter were predicated by a decision of coercion. Through this qualitative study, participants were extracted from service agencies and by outreach or snowball sampling. Of the forty participants, twelve interviewers reported an association with the possibility of trading sex for items they deemed necessary for survival. Whether it was in the form of havin g traded sex, having been propositioned to trade sex, but having refused, or having friends or acquaintances who had traded sex (Tyler, Johnson, 2006, p.1). A limitation of this study was that not all reports were followed through with trading sex for drugs, etc. All those in the adolescent population reported that they traded sex for items for survival; they werent willing but did so out of desperation. The older populationreported that they traded sex by the use of force,coercion, or manipulation. Women who had friends that traded sex for drugs were more likely than men to trade sex for drugs. A limitation of this study was defining trading sex. The respondents reported it was difficult for them to answer these questions accurately because of coercion or force. One respondent reported that she traded sex for drugs so her boyfriend wouldnt physically abuse her. The benefit to this study was that it was a qualitative study, so the interviewers were able to probe for clarification , or the respondents had the opportunity to share their experiences as to what drove their decision. The study can challenge the thought that most homeless people trade sex for drugs as a means of survival with the findings. With a smaller sample, we are unable to obtain a generalization of the decision or coercion, being a factor. What could have been beneficial to this study would have been to conduct a mixed- methods study where there can be a larger sample and randomly select from the bunch to provide interviews too. A limitation would also be obtaining accurate results as the participants may not want to admit that they traded sex for drugs or other items out of shame, fear, of legal implications. Though this study aligns with alternate studies and the trend of sex being traded for drugs or other means of survival, it indicates that it happens less than those in the homeless population and it characterized a more personal indication as to why it occurs. This can be effective fo r the use of social work to advocate for the victims and showcase their back against the wall decisions to engage in these acts. This population is easily vulnerable and should be seen as victims rather than criminals. Correlates of the Sex Trade among African-American Youth Living in Urban Public Housing: Assessing the Role of Parental Incarceration and Parental Substance Use. This study focuses on the impact of parental incarceration, and the consequences of parental substance use in African-American youth. Many teenagers do not know how to handle a difficult situation. When a teenager faces a situation where one of their parents have been taken to prison, they cope with a complicated situation. Most of the time teenagers do not know how to cope with this problem. For some teenagers, engaging in sex behaviors mainly sex trafficking is a mode of survival. Teenagers participate in this danger situations for several reasons.This study attempts to focus its research on runaway youth and street youth.Also, international youths were considered for this research. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Human Trafficking Is The Transnational Crime" essay for you Create order

The Olivet Boys And Girls Club - 1099 Words

The Olivet Boys and Girls Club is a positive place for kids. It allows kids to build leadership skills while interacting with their peers and staff. You can join the Olivet if you are between the ages of 6-18, and with an easy payment of $15 for the academic year. The Olivet is run by caring staff to help you every step of the way if you are needing help. For example if you would need help with your homework, the staff will be there to help. They also have fun activities for you to participate in; like a basketball team, art club, and Keystone/Torch club. Everyone has many stories to tell at the Boys and Girls Club, this is my basketball journey. I have been a member of the Olivet Boys and Girls Club for nine years; starting at nine. Throughout those years, they have taught me the many things that I put into play today. Spending most, if not all of my time at the Olivet’s, I tend to call it my second home. My mother used to always yell at me for not being home all the time. I just loved being there all the time. Through all the support of the Olivet family, I have been able to overcome many obstacles. For example, many may think that because of my height I would have picked basketball as my go to sport; however, that was not the case at all. Luckily, I had a unit director who would not take no for an answer and kept pushing me. Mrs. Deja Harris (Ms. Dede) was my unit Director for the perk unit that I was at. She has become like a second mother figure to me. She was always

Hamlet As Seen Through The Feminist Critical Lens

Hamlet As Seen Through the Feminist Critical Lens As stated by Tim Gillespie in his text Doing Literary Criticism, the concept of literary criticism is the field of â€Å"interpreting, analyzing, and evaluating† literary works. Thus, literary criticism is not objective; rather, it varies subjectively depending on the critic and the lens, or school, they choose to view the work of literature through. Though the actual content of literature is of extreme importance, the way it is approached is of nearly equal magnitude, as varying approaches open new and insightful views texts previously regarded as static. The feminist lens is one major school of literary criticism. The feminist school has various goals when being used to scrutinize a piece of literature. As Gillespie points out, historically texts were written by males with primarily male protagonists, and thus, the male sentiment is most dominantly expressed in many works of literature. The lessened representation of women in literature is usually confined to typical stereotypes of the historical period. This can be seen in Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, and this will be further explored and discussed. Through the feminist lens, women’s presence and portrayal in the play, as well as the common stereotypes about women in Shakespearean society, can be studied carefully, despite the centuries that have passed between the play’s conception and the present. Additionally, as stated in Literary Theories: A Sampling of Critical Lenses,Show MoreRelatedThe And Human Nature s Love For Categorization1011 Words   |  5 Pagesmay be unfair to the work itself. Due to the complexity of literature, and human nature’s love for categorization, we started looking at pieces of literature through â€Å"critical lenses†. The lenses help us narrow down the aspects of our criticism, effectively categorizing them. For example, there are four main critical lenses: Marxist, Feminist, Psychoanalytic al, and Archetypal. Each of the four has a unique set of aspects it analyzes, but all have one thing in common, they help find the underlyingRead MoreHamlet: a Feminist Approach Essay examples1224 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet: A Feminist Approach Sexism: the belief or attitude that one sex is inherently superior to, more competent than, or more valuable than the other (most commonly used for male superiority). This idea that women are weak is not a new one in the modern world. It has been studied for countless years along with the concept of a patriarchal society. A patriarchy is defined as a system of society or government in which men hold the power and women are largely excluded from it. Such systems currently

The Contribution of Multinational Pharmaceutical Companies in the Development of Pakistan Economy free essay sample

PRESENTATION ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA Major Therapeutic Categories Antibiotics, vitamins and analgesics are the top three therapeutic classes in terms of sales by value. Anti-biotic dominate the market with approximately 24% of the market value. Vitamins and analgesics account for 6. 6% and 6% of the market respectively. The vitamins and antibiotics sectors are vital not only because of their large size but also because of their astronomical growth. Sales of antibiotics are growing at 30% per year, while the growth rate in the vitamins segment is 20%. The importance of vitamins in the domestic market is compounded by the fact that being nonessential drugs, their prices are now deregulated. This price deregulation, which occurred in 1993 has enhanced the competition within this therapeutic strata of the market and has placed companies like Abbot, Cyanamid, Pfizer, Sandoz, Squibb and Roche in a privileged position. Well-positioned competitors in the antibiotic arena include Smith Kline, Wyeth Squibb, Sandoz, Pfizer and Wellcome. Seprtan, Amoxil and Ampiclox are three largest selling products in Pakistan. Wellcome produces Septran, whereas the other two are Beecham’s products. The sales of each of these three products are approximately $6 million to $9 million, larger than the total sales of many medium sized companies in the pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan. The following table shows the value sales of the top 10 products: Table 2: THE VALUE SALES OF THE TOP 10 PRODUCTS | | | |PRODUCT |ESTIMATED SALES 1993 (RS. MN) | |Septran (Wellcome) 272 290 | |Amoxil (Beecham) |250 270 | |Ampiclox (Beecham) |160 170 | |Velosef (Squibb) |155 165 | |Neurobion (Merck) |155 165 | |Brufen (Boots) |155 165 | |Tarivid (Hoechst) |140 145 | |Erythrocin (Abbot) |130 140 | |Augmenting (Beecham) |110 | |Postan (P. Davis) |110 | Demand The market size of the pharmaceutical industry is estimated to be around $550 million. The total installed capacity in the private sector is estimated to be 12 billion tablets, 1. 2 million capsules, 312 million ampoules, 173 million vials, 32000 tons of liquid preparations and 2000 tons of semi solid (ointments) preparations. In rupee terms the total pharmaceutical market in 1992-93 worked out to be Rs 20 million. The annual average growth was estimated to be 16. 1%. This growth has been achieved despite the strict price controls. However due to the recent devaluation of the Pak rupee against US dollar, the pharmaceutical industry may find it difficult to maintain their growth rate. Since approximately 95% of the raw material requirements of the industry are met through imports, the recent devaluation will increase the cost of production and may thus have a contractionary impact on the supply of essential drugs. Moreover, the overall effect might be more acute due to the fact that the government heavily regulates the retail prices of medicines. The following table shows the historical and current consumption of drugs and medicines during 1981 to 1993: Table 3: DEMAND FOR DRUGS YEAR |PRODUCTION (MN) |IMPORTS |EXPORTS | | | |(MN) |(MN) | |1987-88 |104 |10 135 |95 | |1988-89 |107 |11042 |103 | |1989-90 |110 |12052 |110 | |1990-91 |114 |14753 |129 | |1991-92 |117 |16803 |144 | |1992-93 |121 |19246 |159 | expansion in demand can be fuelled by discovering and exploiting new export markets. Reasons for excessive market growth 1. An excessive inflow of rural population to the cities is responsible for the increased demand for pharmaceuticals. The present rate of urbanization in the country is 5% per annum. 2. Pakistan’s population is increasing at a rate of 3% per annum and during the last five years per capita income has registered an average annual growth rate of 3% at constant factor costs and about 17% at current factor costs. Hence the expenditure on drugs and medicines have gone up accordingly. 3. The money remitted from abroad has also led to a rise in the expenditure on drugs and medicines. Home remittances increased to the extent of $3000 million per annum. However, in 1992-93 remittances had been reduced to $1562 million. 4. The unethical practice of retailers to sell drugs without prescription is another factor responsible for the growth in the medicine market. Moreover, the sales of spurious drugs at low prices are also adding to drug sales. IMPORTS AND EXPORTS IMPORTS: In the 1950s over 75% of the country’s requirement of medicines was fulfilled by imported medicines in finished form. This has now been reduced to approximately 20%. Presently though, almost 95% of pharmaceutical raw material and almost one third of the formulated drugs are imported. By value, approximately 40% of pharmaceutical sales are imported. There is an import duty of 60% on raw materials. Imports of medical and pharmaceutical products increased from Rs 936 million in 1980-81 to 5980. million in 1992-93, showing an average annual increase of 17. 2%. Import and export of medical and pharmaceutical products for twelve years are given below: Table 8: IMPORT AND EXPORT OF MEDICAL PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS |YEAR |I MPORT |EXPORT |PERCENTAGE | | | | |INCREASE | |c1980-81 |936. 1 |44. 8 |- | |1981-82 |1222. 4 |18. 3 |30. | |1982-83 |1390. 3 |27. 7 |13. 7 | |1983-84 |1799. 8 |43. 2 |29. 4 | |1984-85 |1973. 9 |51. 8 |15. 2 | |1985-86 |2252. 4 |44. 3 |13. 8 | |1986-87 |2638. 2 |47. 8 |17. | |1987-88 |2852. 0 |73. 4 |8. 1 | |1988-89 |3318. 3 |110. 4 |16. 3 | |1989-90 |3723. 4 |382. 0 |12. 2 | |1990-91 |4407. 5 |260. 3 |18. 3 | |1991-92 |5183. 8 |470. 3 |17. | |1992-93 |5980. 1 |514. 5 |15. 3 | Among the different therapeutic classes of medicines imported in the country, antibiotic imports registered a tremendous growth. Import of analgesics is quite insignificant and there has been no import of cough syrups since 1979-80 because domestic production has increased to quite an appreciable extent during the past few years. Antacids are at present not imported in the country. Table 9: PERCENTAGE SHARE IN TOTAL IMPORTS OF DEFFERENT MEDICINES |Medicines |(Rs. Millions) |(% Share in Total) | |Pro vitamins Vitamins |965 |19 | |Antibiotics |957 |19 | |Medicaments NS |2650 |51 | |Medicine containing antibiotic Derives |70 |2 | |Hormones and Derives |123 |9 | |Other |421 |- | |Total |5184 |100 | The cheap unrecorded sources of imports are from Singapore, HongKong, South Korea etc. The recognized sources are the United Kingdom, United States, China, Switzerland, France and Irish Republic. Major suppliers of pharmaceutical are United Kingdom and Germany. They are mainly supplying medications and their market share is around 62. 4%. Suppliers of paracetamol are American companies. Total imports of paracetamol from USA in 1991-92 stood at Rs. 289 million In terms of money Germany supplied Rs. 1448 worth of medicines while UK’s share was Rs. 915 million worth of medicines. Other important sources are Yugoslavia and China, which supply medicines at very low cost. EXPORTS: Exports of pharmaceutical are picking up at a very rapid rate. In 1988-89 exports stood at Rs. 110. 4 million that increased to Rs. 514. 5 million in 1992-93 showing a cumulative rise of 336% in four years. In the last five years average annual increase of exports was 67%. Thirty percent of the total exports went to SriLanka, Djibouti and Nigeria. Other important buyers of Pakistani pharmaceutical were Argentina (6. 7%), U. A. E (5. 86%), Belgium (4. 09%), Bangladesh (3. 80%) and USA (3. 52%). Pakistan can substantially increase the exports of pharmaceutical industry is being threatened in several countries. According to reports in financial Times, UK is becoming an increasing unattractive country for drug manufacturing units. Investments in the UK pharmaceutical industry could be threatened by increasing government controls on prices and demand for drugs. Moreover, increasing animal rights protection is also a cause of major concern for the industry. For regulatory reasons medicines have to be tested for toxicity on two species, only one of which can be a rodent. Some drugs are poorly tolerated by dogs and so have to be tested on primates. Most cardiovascular research is based on dogs, because their internal system is similar to that of human beings. It may be mentioned that six of the world’s top selling drugs was discovered in United Kingdom. At present, Britain has won the highest number of Nobel prizes in the world. However, due to the increase in the protection of animal rights in the recent years, Britain is becoming an unattractive site for future pharmaceutical research. Moreover, cost cutting reforms introduced by the German health care system have focused on heavy controls over drug prescribing. As a result, more than 20% was saved on medicines between January and June 1993, with a significant switch to cheaper off-patent, generic medicines. TAX STRUCTURE In a recent package of incentives offered by the government. The industry will be exempt from duty and sales tax on the import of raw materials for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals. The import duty on the import of plant and equipment will also be cut down to only 10%. The raw materials that are used in other industries are also subject to duties, which range from 15 to 65%. However this duty can be reclaimed within 15 months of the production of manufactured drugs. The income tax payable is 37% for public limited companies and 47% for private limited companies. In addition to this the companies also have to pay other taxes such as: Worker profit participation fund 5% on PAT Worker welfare fund2% on PAT EBOI RsRs. 150 per head per month EducationRs. 100 per head per month The companies also have to pay octroi, Property tax, vehicle tax, professional tax and research levy etc. COMPETITIVE STRUCTURE The major proportions of the pharmaceutical industry are composed of 20 well-entrenched competitors, with no player controlling more than 6% of the market. Absence of monopolistic distortions and intense rivalry result in competitive products and superior quality of long term earnings. The major competitors in the pharmaceutical industry can be generally classified under the following headings: Multinational pharmaceutical companies National pharmaceutical companies (under public sector control) Local pharmaceutical companies Importers The multinational companies are responsible 70% of the total manufactured products. Imports contribute around 10% and national and local companies manufacture 20%. The multinational and local companies are diagrammatically opposed not only in their marketing strategies, but also in their sourcing methods and in their dependent on their parent companies. These major multinational companies produce their basic raw materials from parent companies, which also help them with formulation and research and development efforts. As far as marketing is concerned, these giants depend on internationally branded product, which are supported by high budget advertising. On the other hand the local companies basically rely on licensing for their core business. As they are unable to match the advertising budget and expertise of their multinational competitors, these local companies have positioned themselves as â€Å"pushers† of their products by offering higher trade margins. In general MNCs offer their retailers 15% margins whereas the margins that are offered by the local competitors are approximately 20%. Specifically as far as the foreign competition is concerned, almost all of the world’s largest European and US pharmaceutical companies are present in Pakistan, with most of their product range. Thus the world’s most prominent and prestigious brands compete with each other a very small market share in terms of value. The top 20 firms in Pakistan are all affiliates or subsidiaries of multinational companies. Together they capture over 60% of the Market. The top 5 companies include Wellcome, Abbott, Glaxo, SmithKline Beecham and Hoechst. Together they account for nearly 23% of the total market. Following are the tables gives the specific details of the top 10 companies that are operating in Pakistan. (The top 10 companies have been selected on the basis of their rupee sales). Table 10: TABLE SHOWING SALES, MARKET, GROWTH OF THE TOP 10 COMPANIES | |COMPANY |SALES |MARKET |GROWTH | | | |(Rs.. MN) |SHARE (%) |RATE | |1 |ABBOT |913 |5. 51 |26. 8 | |2 |WELLCOME |833 |5. 02 |20. 2 | |3 |GLAXO |757 |4. 57 |10. 0 | |4 |BECHAM |708 |4. 25 |20. 3 | |5 |SANDOZ |603 |3. 4 |16. 5 | |6 |HOECHST |597 |3. 6 |24. 4 | |7 |PFIZER |508 |3. 06 |26. 3 | |8 |MERCK AG |484 |2. 92 |15. 3 | |9 |ROCHE |452 |2. 73 |26. 6 | |10 |SQUIBB |438 |2. 4 |18. 9 | | |TOTAL |6,293 |37. 94 | | ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE The industry is generally profitable and has a pretax profit for MNCs ranging between 12% and 18%. Raw material costs constitute about 60% of all costs. For most MNCs, a significance part of costs are in imported raw material (up to 50% of sales). The stock market recognizes the potential of the pharmaceutical sector and has accordingly, priced it at a sector Price-Earnings ratio of 32. 5 compared to the Pakistani Stock Market P/E of 21. In order to get a better picture of the economic significance, we have complied the financial and strategic aspect of some of the important companies of the industry, which are: ABBOTT LABORATORIES (PAKISTAN) LIMITED Abbott Laboratories (Pakistan) Limited is one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in Pakistan with sales revenues of over Rs. 1. 0 billion. In 1993, it commanded a market share of approximately 5. 5% and maintained the position in 1994. The company was established in 1948 and converted to a public limited company in 1992 with Abbott USA retaining 70% equity. It has factories in Karachi, Multan Rawalpindi while head office in Karachi. The company is also engaged in the manufacture of general health care products that are well known brands like Mospel (mosquito repellant), Selsun Shampoo and Fiberand-Digestive. Abbott is the second largest pharmaceutical company in terms of products offered (61). It has a strong presence in the vitamins and antibiotics market, Erythrocin of Abbott is currently ranked as one of the top ten selling national brands in Pakistan, accounting for about 16% of the companies sales. With the Pak Consulting Engineering (Pvt) Limited of deregulation expected together speed, there will be positive effect of the sales of the company as the antibiotics market holds 20. 6% share in the total market for pharmaceutical products. The company has a tradition for launching new products and new products are expected especially in the general health care sector that is in the slow price regulation category. The one negative side is that the company has not made provisions for a contingent tax liability of Rs. 76 million, while actually not expected to be fully levied the possibility cannot be discounted. As a result the share price of Abbott is below its peer group despite otherwise strong fundamentals. The company’s average compounded growth rate turnover is 20. 5%. It has more than doubled in the last five years, which has made Abbott the market leader in the last three years. Abbott has no long-term debt and it has strong relationship with the major local and foreign banks. Interest cover is currently estimated at 16X as the company is able to negotiate very low short term borrowing rates (11. 7-13. 2%) from banks, due to its strong credit rating in the local market. Gross profit margin has increased from 19. 2% in 1989 to 29. 6% in 1993 indicating better pricing policy and impact of price deregulation in the non-essential drugs segment. In 1993, profit after taxes increased by 111. 8%. The underlying factors were increased volume, a better product mix and government relaxation of price controls. The company’s dividend policy has become very liberal dividends have increased from nil to 1989 to 35% in 1993. KNOLL PHARMACEUTICAL LIMITED Incorporated in 1948 in Pakistan, Knoll pharmaceutical limited is engaged in the production and marketing of ethical drugs and health care products. The company is a subsidiary of Boots company PLC, UK that holds 56% equity. Four investment companies hold another 22% shares, while the remaining shareholding is shared between foreign investors, individuals and financial institutions. The company is a major player in the anti-rheumatics segment with Brufen and in the throat lozenges segment with Strepsils. Knoll has a strong hold over the anti-rheumatics segment with brufen as the market leader having a share of more than 20%. Brufen accounts for over 40% of Boot’s total sales. Boots is well placed in the throat lozenges segment with Strepsils as a major seller. The company is streamlining its operations as evidenced from dis-investment in fixed assets especially the recent divestiture of its food division (sold to Heinz). This points towards a much more focused and dedicated strategy. The company is expected to net about Rs. 160 million from the dale of the food division which it intends to combine with its huge cash reserves to become one of the top players in the pharmaceutical market. Our researched has revealed that Boots is looking for acquisitions in the pharmaceutical and health care sector. Preliminary discussions with a couple of companies are reportedly underway. CIBA-GEIGY (PAKISTAN) LIMITED Ciba-Giegy enters in Pakistan 1951 as one of the earliest in to the pharmaceutical industry. Ciba-Giegy of Switzerland hold 60% equity stake with the balance of large stocks being held by long term institutional investors. Ciba-Geigy manufactures and markets drugs and medicines. It is ranked as the 15th largest company in pharmaceutical in Pakistan, based on the sales of its pharmaceutical products only. 20% of the company’s revenue comes from pharmaceutical products, whereas remaining 80% is derived from agriculture and other products. In 1988 the commercial trading division was closed down due to poor performance. Ciba-Giegy has been struggling in the face of sales an eroding margin due to stiff competition in the agro-chemical/pesticide segment that accounts for 75-80% of its business. Despite a world class percent, Ciba-Giegy has not been able to recover from the shock of 1992 when its profit s were reduced to mere 38% of the previous year’s figure. The company showed a pre-tax loss of Rs. 1. 0 Million in 1993 after being hit by crash in gross margins due to intense competition by unbranded pesticides and rapidly rising financial charges. Ciba-Giegy has however taken steps to stem its slide and is in the process of a major reorganization both at management’s levels as well as marketing. An expected injection of equity should also allow it to improve its leverage and reduce the menace of high financial charges. With EPS growth emerging from negative in 1994 and EPS expected to reach Rs. 3 in 1995 the market appears to have put the past behind in terms of valuation. However we feel that for now Ciba is HOLD candidate. After a pre-tax loss of Rs. 1. 0 million in 1993, Ciba-Giegy is taking the necessary steps to put it on of course of slow but steady recovery. The massive jump in inventories due to inability to sell in the face of stiff competition from unbranded pesticides led to very high cost inventory financing in 1992 and 1993. With better sales in 1994 this is expected to be reduced. The margins, both gross and net, have continued to remain under tremendous pressure due to the above factors, but are expected to improve over the next two years. The current ratio has dropped from 0. 99 to 0. 93 in 1993 while interest cover remains precarious at around IX. CYANAMID (PAKISTAN) LTD Incorporated in 1949, Cyanamid (Pakistan) LTD, is engaged in the sales and manufacture of pharmaceutical with major emphasis on antibiotics, anti-tuberculosis and nutritional drugs. The company is a subsidiary of American Cyanamid Company, USA, which has a 75% stake in the local market. It was converted into a public limited company in 1982. The company’s major products include Myambutol Myrin (anti-tuberculosis), ledermycin (anti-biotic), lederplex incremin (vitamins). Cyanamid is the undisputed leader in the tuberculosis segment of the pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan. With tuberculosis still a menace in this part of world, Cyanamid’s strong positioning hopes well for continued further growth. Additionally, a fairly large proportion of its sales are accounted for by nutritional which underwent complete price deregulation late last year. This will feed through in 1994 accounts leading to massive jump in profitability. Cyanamid recently acquired the agri-business of Shell Pakistan in line with its strategy to diversify into related new fields. The timing is fortuitous as the agriculture sector (mainly cotton) is just coming out of a deep recession of last three-year and is bound to grow very rapidly in the coming two-three years. With growth of 23% in 1993 expected to be repeated in 1994 and gross profit margins remaining over 25% Cyanamid should turn in increased profits in next two years. Financial results of 1993 showed a turnaround after dismissal performance in 1992 mainly due to increase in sales and retail price deregulation by the government. The highlight of the year was the increase in the after tax earnings which grew by 533% (Rs. 19 million as against Rs. 3 million in 1992) after showing negative growth in 1991 and 1992. The 1994 half-year sales were Rs. 285 million versus 1993 half-year sales of Rs. 231 million. With a full year to half-year ratio of 2. the 1993 sales are expected to set a new record. Pre-tax profit margins are rising sharply and this trend is forecasted to continue in the near term. Specific ally, turnover grew by 22. 53% as compared to 16. 3% in 1992 and operating income more than doubled to Rs. 59 million (Rs. 27. 3 million in 1992). ROTA and ROCE recovered to 5% and 18% respectively and are expected to jump sharply in 1994 due to much higher net margins which are forecasted at 10% versus 3. 5% in 1992. FEROZSONS LABORATORIES LTD One of the smaller players in the domestic pharmaceutical industry, Ferozsons is still in consolidation phase after a rough patch in the last two years. The company is diversifying into cosmetics and toiletries while actively seeking partners of this party manufacturing in this segment. Contract manufacture of Vicks Vapor-rub of Procter Gamble, is said to have shown substantial growth. Civil works at the company’s cosmetics factory at the tax free Gadoon industrial estate is almost complete and machinery is reported to have reached the site. Ferozsons appears to have turned the comer and is on a growth pats. It is a candidate for selected buying on weakness, for the long-term pretax profits have shown tremendous improvement of 400% through the absolute quantum is still small. Margins have also edged up with gross margin rising 4% to 32% and net reaching 7. 1% from 0. 8% in the previous period. Interest cover has improved markedly and the current ration has shown improvement rising to 1. 32 versus 1. 16 last year indicating the liquidity is not deteriorating in the short term. The return on capital has jumped to 24% due to sharp rise in net profit. SEARLE PAKISTAN LIMITED Searle Pakistan Ltd was established in 1965, incorporated USA owned 60% shares in the company till year 1992. The UDL group which itself has an annual turnover of more than 6. 0 billion acquired the controlling shares from G. D. Searle in 1993. The board of directors comprises of 7 directors, out of which 6 belong to UDL group. Searle Pakistan Ltd has its plant in Karachi. Its product canderel and hydrallin enjoy market leadership in their respective market segment. The acquisition of Searle by UDL has placed the company in the hands of the largest local distribution company in Pakistan. The company has disproportional benefit from price deregulation, as almost 50% of its sales are free from price controls. The combination of distribution syringes with UDL and potential of significance rise in margins due to continuing deregulation, Searle is expected to begin a solid and sustained growth in market share and profitability. The company has a license to use the name and style of Searle on its products for five years additionally, it will have technical and quality control support from the Searle. It is also engaged in contract manufacturing for ICI, Procter Gamble and Woodwards. With this business expected to rise economics of scale will positively impact gross margins. SPL has set a robust growth path for the next few years with sales rising at ground 25% p. a. gross and net margins jumped in 1993 due to price deregulation allowing the company to attain gross margins of 73%. Continuing price increases should allow gross margins of 40% to be achieved in 94/95. The company’s ROCE has shot up since its acquisition by UDL in 1993 to 28% from 20% in 1992. With UDL’s marketing prowess and price deregulation ROCE will continue to rise to 35% range in 94 and 95. The company remains in a comfortable position in terms of debt servicing with an interest cover of between 4. 8-4. 9, despite a rise in long term debt linked to the take over. SPL is a cash generating company keeping a significance amount of cash in hand. This bodes well for shareholders whether in terms of dividend payout or reinvestment in expansion of business and diversification. PARKE-DAVIS COMPANY LIMITED Parke-Davis Company Ltd is a subsidiary of Parke Davis USA, which has a 75% stake in the local company. The company is involved in the manufacture and marketing of pharmaceutical and to likely preparations. Major brands of Parke-Davis are Ponstan, Chloromycetin and Amodiaquin. The company is major player in the analgesic antibiotic segment and ranks amongst the top 15 companies in the pharmaceutical industry. The stellar performance of Parke-Davis in 1993-94 has set the stage for taking it into big league for top 10 pharmaceutical, in the next years or so. Already one of the marketing leaders in the analgesic segment through its top selling ponstan, Parke-Davis has embarked on a two pronged growth strategy for the future, the results of which are already manifest in past two years results. The company is investing heavily in marketing its globally successful brands in key segments such as cold cough medication, anti-inflammatory medicines etc. At the same time, it is going all out to promote its non-regulated (in price terms) product ranges. The prices of Parke-Davis non- regulated products are still comparatively lower than the prices of some products in neighboring countries. This will allow the company to increase it margins in every segment where it is also increasing volume. The double impact will boost already accelerating profitability further over the next two year. With a prospective P/E of 9 in 1995 at current share prices (and forecasted EPS or Rs 38), the company is extremely attractive as growth stock. Since 1993 Parke-Davis has emerged from a period of consolidation and entered into massive new growth phase with record sales and high profitability. Sales growth has consistently risen over the last 5 years from 16% to a handsome 30%. The company achieved excellent results in 1993 with pre-tax profits jumping to Rs 84. 8 million from Rs 21. 9 million in 1992 as evidence of this new chapter in this dynamic evolution. Gross margin for 1993 was 35. 5% (one of the highest in the industry) as against 21% in 1992. Apart from the sharp rise in sales strict cost management as evident helped it from an increase of only 5. 64% in cost of sales. Net profits registered a four-fold increase from Rs. 12. 5 million in 1992 to Rs 49. 5 million in 1993. The company transferred 86% of 1993 earnings to general reserves (Rs 87. 5 million in 1993 Vs Rs 45 million in 1992). As a result shareholders equity increased from Rs 64. 8 million to 107. million from 1992-93, hence it can finance future expansion through debt. EPS in 1993 was a magnificent Rs 25. 3 as against Rs 6. 5 in 1992. Net asset value per share also increased to Rs 54 in 1993 from Rs 32. 5 in 1992. WYETH LABORATORIES (PAKISTAN) LIMITED Wyeth laboratories was incorporated in 1961 and started commercial production in 1963. It is involved in the manufacturer and marketing of pharmaceutical products. American house products are the holding company of Wyeth with 70% share holds. Another 26% shares are held by financial institutions. The company is a major player in ant-acids (Simeco and Mucaine), anti-biotics and tranquilizers. Wyeth is the major player in the ant-acids segment, with a segment market share or 60% its major products being simeco and mucaine. GLAXO-WELLCOME (PAKISTAN) LTD Glaxo Laboratories (Pakistan) Ltd is a subsidiary of Glaxo group U. K, which has a 70% stake. The company has facilities in Karachi and Lahore for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and food products. Its head office is located in Karachi. The ranked third in the pharmaceutical industry in terms of share volume and first in terms of market capitalization as per 1993 figures. The major brand of Glaxo is Zantac (anti-ulcer) Caponex (anti-biotic) and Betnovate (dermatological). DRUGS DISTRIBUTION The distribution of drugs and medicines in the country may be undertaken in any of the following ways: Through stockiest/wholesalers Through national distributors Through company owed depots Under the first system, the stockiest are appointed in smaller areas like Nawabshah and Mirpurkhas etc, so that each covers a limited region. Stockiest perform simple functions and usually do not undertake sales promotion activities (these are handled by the manufactures staff). Stockiest employ sales-delivery men to cover upcountry regions. Large stockiest who handles a number of accounts may indulge in direct delivery system where spot order/delivery can be made immediately. The terms between stockiest and the retailer as well as between the stockiest and the manufacture varies depending upon the type of product, terms of contact, and the goodwill that each party enjoys. Pfizer and Wellcome use the stockiest system for the distribution of their output. The distribution through company owned depots is normally used by the large manufactures with high turnovers and long product lines. The depots are scattered all over the country and allow the manufacture greater control, as well as direct feedback from the market. The bigger cities have more than one depot. This method is based on the mechanism of the optimum cost of distribution. Direct distribution results in cost savings as the purchase complaints can be efficiently handled. Under the national distribution system, a national distributor acquires the stock from the manufacture warehouse. The distributor works through salesmen who deal with orders and use various incentive schemes and productivity plans to motivate the field staff. GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS In 1972, the Drug Generic Act was introduced. After this the Drug Act was introduced in 1976. It gave the government to control the prices of drugs. Under this act, the manufacture, sale, distribution and the profits of the pharma industry were totally regulated by the government. A drug-manufacturing license was granted for a limited period of two years. All selling prices of the drugs were to be fixed by the Ministry of Health. The formula for calculating the price of finished imported medicines, as mentioned before, was cost plus 40% mark-up. In addition tom the formula, the prices fixed for imported medicines were automatically revised on July 5th of each year to allow for the exchange rate fluctuations. Prices of local drugs were determined on a prime cost plus mark-up basis. All manufactures had to comply with the Good Manufacturing practices and other requirements of the Drug Rules of 1976. In 1977 the import of unregistered drugs was banned. This law was followed by the Drugs Rule of 1979. In 1989, the Drugs Labeling and Packing Rules were reinforced. This made it compulsory for the Pharma companies to print the date of manufacture and the date of expiry of all medicines. In 1993, the Economic Co-ordination Committee divided drugs into two categories. The prices of drugs under controlled category were not allowed to be changed at the discretion of manufacturer. Exemption on the import of raw materials, for the manufacture of pharma products had been extended to all drugs registered under the Drugs Act. Protection had been extended to the local infusion solution and in fusion administering sets manufacturing industry through levy of regulatory duty on the imported substitutes. Exemption from customs duty and sales tax had been granted on plant and machinery, which were imported for the establishment of the approved projects for manufacture of Pharma raw materials. This excluded locally manufactured machinery. The Pharma industry was included in the list of key industries under the industrial policy. No new Pharma unit could be set up and license to manufacture drugs without the approval of the EEC/CIPS depending on the cost the project. The standard rate of royalty was kept at 2% for a period of three to five years. In March 1995, the Senate Standing committee on health made some important recommendations to the government with reference to the Pharma industry. The important recommendations are as follows: The government should not allow the Pharma companies the annual increase in the prices of essential drugs keeping in mind the recent price hikes. Effective deterrent legislation should be introduced to check the prices of drugs especially in the controlled category. Protection given through patents should be limited to those products that do not affect the public interest and the import of non-patented/generic drug should be promoted. Tax and tariff reforms suggested encouraging local production of basic raw material. Local prices should be set in comparison with those reigning with in neighboring countries. In May 1995, the Board of Investment announced a package of incentives for the Pharma industry. It is expected that as a direct result of this package the local production costs will fall by about 50%. The main features of the package are: Duty free imports of raw materials to boost the local drugs manufacturing industry. Reduction of imports duty on plant and equipment to 10%. Tariff protection to local manufacturers against the import of raw materials being produced locally. Exemption of the Pharma industry from sales tax. Revision of the debt to equity ratio from 60:40 to 70:30. In addition to the above mentioned regulations, the Pharma industry operates under the following rules: All Pharma products must be registered with the ministry of health. Manufacturers and retail pharmacies must be licensed and doctors must be registered with the Pakistan Medical Council. Pharmacists are not allowed to sell products from unlicensed manufacturers. In addition a special license is required to sell narcotics and controlled drugs. Prescriptions for narcotics must include the prescribing doctor’s registration number. Only products listed in the National Formulary (list of drugs, which may be manufactured, imported or sold in Pakistan) may be imported. Some locally manufactured drugs included in the formulary may not be imported. At least 5% of profits of Pharma companies must be invested in R D. Prices have to be set in accordance with the guidelines provided by the government. The following information’s must be included on the package and insertion: Manufacturer’s name and address, generic name, ingredients, dosage, warnings, indications, contraindications, side effects and precautions. No more than 5% of a company’s turnover may be spent on advertising, sampling and other promotional activities. Prescription Pharmaceuticals may be advertised in medical journals only. Advertising to non-prescription drugs is allowed if necessary information, precautions and prohibited use for certain diseases is made. If a product is found to be defective the manufacturer is bound to recall it. PROS AND CONS OF THE INDUSTRY The Pakistani Pharma industry has been undergoing a great deal of criticism and is probably a victim of misinformation. The defamatory remarks, accusing the manufacturers of marketing and selling the medicines at very high prices were made in certain sections of the press. Though this allegation has no concrete basis, as the Pharma Industry is highly regulated, suspicious do come to mind. Moreover, much has been said accusing the industry of producing low quality drugs and catering to a monopoly. These remarks can do a lot of harm to the industry and measures should be taken to keep the industry from earning a bad name. The salient features of the industry are as follows: 1. It is imperative for the government and the concerned authorities to realize that there should be no discrimination between national multinational companies, and there should be an immediate withdrawal of the decisions of the registration board on this subject. 1. The matter of transfer pricing has been grossly over- emphasized and over criticized for years. A recent study was done by the ministry of health to investigate the so-called transfer pricing by determining the differences in prices of the imported raw materials and the average international prices. A detailed research showed that the much trumpeted transfer pricing was only about 0. 0038% of the total sales volume. Hence the concept of transfer pricing in the Pakistani Pharma industry is virtually non-existent and grossly exaggerated. 1. Prices in new products should be similar to those of existing products. The registration board comprises of many medical and technical experts, who after careful scrutiny and analysis price the product. The analysis of each case is on merit and takes into account several factors before pricing the new product. This process has been effective but the multinationals can quote a lot of cases when the board has initially granted the retail price and then has offered a lower price for the new product. 1. Today it takes about $359 million and about 12 years of research for a research based multinational company to develop a new drug. The notion is that large MNCs capture markets by virtue of patents. Any leading position is obtained on the basis of research and development efforts or medical information. The allegation pertaining to the use of patents as a tool of market supremacy is usually made in developing countries, and a suggested remedy is to abolish these patents. But this allegation is entirely baseless. As mentioned above R D helps the company achieves a leading role, as these companies are responsible for Pharma innovation. They are known worldwide for their high quality products which results in their high market share. The patents are used only to protect their research work; otherwise the companies would not be able to finance its R D due to fear of piracy. Hence such notions against the patent systems prevalent in some segments of our industry are baseless. 1. Since the partial deregulation of the Pharma industry in 1993, the greatest beneficiaries have been the national companies. It can be certified for all 32 MNCs that the prices of controlled products increased by only 5%, where those of decontrolled products increased by 24%. In June 1993 all the companies had the opportunity to increase their retail prices to whatever level they desired. The national companies had the unique opportunity of increasing their prices up to the level of the prices of MNCs products. Hence there does not exist any disparity. 1. The open tender method is probably the most efficient, economical and fair bulk purchasing policy used worldwide. In this system all the companies compete for the business. The Federal government and the Provincial government buying agencies follow the open tender method and are able to purchase quality medicines at low prices. In fact, the government agencies often indulge in intensive price negotiations and orders are finally placed upon the component ones. 1. It is wrong and improper to say that multinationals should be allowed to produce only a few products, as is often proposed by local manufactures. This practice is against international laws equitable business practices. 1. Some of the drugs have to be imported and are not manufacture locally. There are basically two reasons for this fact. One is that some of these drugs are highly specialized and cannot manufactured locally. Secondly, the demand for such drugs is so small that local manufacturing will not be feasible. 1. Despite the hurdles in the manufacturing of chemicals, Pharma MNCs are moving into basic and semi-basic manufacturing. Glaxo is producing most of its major active chemicals locally. Wellcome has set up a huge trimethoprim facility. Hoechst, Cyanamid and Sandoz are also in the field. Beecham is also manufacturing some of its basic chemicals. One local company Pharmagen Beximco has recently entered into basic manufacturing. 10. To save foreign currency and promote the transfer of technology, the government has provided for total basic manufacture of products. These include imported plant and machinery exempted from customs duty and the refund of duty paid on imported process chemicals. 11. The decontrols of nonessential drugs is a potential boom to the industry and could prove to be a gold mine for those companies heavily engaged in the manufacture of such products. The authorities had hinted that the price of the so called decontrolled drugs would be re-decontrolled after 30 June 1995, and that controlled drugs will be allowed another price rise of 7. 5% to 10% towards the end of this year based on a new pricing formula which adjusted for devaluation and inflation.